푸틴, 당신이 틀렸다 ..푸틴의 18일 연설에 대한 오바마의 대답

 

　"미국과 전 세계는 약한 러시아가 아니라 강하고 책임있는 러시아에 관심이 있다. 그렇다고 해서 러시아가 주변국들을 짓밟아도 된다는 의미는 아니다."

　버락 오바마 미국 대통령이 26일 벨기에 브뤼셀의 보자르궁에서 가진 연설에서 블라디미르 푸틴 러시아 대통령의 크림 합병 논리를 조목조목 비판하며 이같이 말했다. 오바마 대통령은 특히 "러시아가 우크라이나와 깊은 역사적 관계를 맺어 왔다는 이유로 우크라이나의 미래까지 좌지우지할 수는 없다"면서 "그 어떤 프로퍼갠다도 전 세계가 옳다고 알고 있는 것을 틀렸다고 할 수 없다 "고 재차 푸틴의 크림 합병을 반박했다.  오바마의 이번 연설은 지난 18일 푸틴 대통령이 크림 합병서에 서명한 후 크렘린궁에서 약 1시간동안 러시아와 크림의 장구한 역사와 전통에 대해 열변을 토하면서 서방의 이중성을 맹공격했던 연설에 대한 응답이라고 할 수 있다.
　오바마 대통령은 그러나 현국면을'신냉전'으로 인정하지 않았고 푸틴 대통령과의 정면 대결에 대해서도 부정적인 태도를 나타냈다. 그는 " 미국과 나토(북대서양조약기구)는 러시아와 갈등을 추구하지 않는다"면서 "쉬운 해답과 군사 솔루션은 없다"는 점을 강조했다. 그러면서 "미국은 나토 동맹국을 위해 나서기를 주저하지 않을 것"이라고 약속하기도 했다.

　오바마 대통령은 이날 무려 40분 넘게 이어진 연설에서 계몽주의시대부터 넬슨 만델라에 이르기까지 수세기에 걸쳐자유의지와 권리를 위해 투쟁해온 세계 역사를 거론하면서, 푸틴의 우크라이나 정책과 크림 합병을 '인류 진보'에 대한 중대한 위협과 도전으로 규정했다.
　오바마 대통령은 "인간은 장구한 역사에 걸쳐 개인과 국가 간의 적절한 관계를 어떻게 이룩할 것이냐에 대한 질문을 제기해왔다"며 "유럽에서는 수 세기동안 전쟁,계몽주의, 억압, 혁명을 통해 우리 각자가 양심과 자유의지를 통해 선택한대로 살 권리가 있다는 이념, 권력은 피통치자들의 동의로부터 나오며 법과 제도는 그것을 보호하는데 있다는 믿음이 생겨났다"고 지적했다. 오바마 대통령은 "스스로를 통솔할 능력이 없는 개인들이 자신의 권리를 막강한 군주에게 넘겨줄 때 만이 질서와 진보가 가능하다는 낡고 전통적인 권력관"이 있기는 하지만, 결국에는 인간의 자유의지에 대한 믿음이  전 세계로 퍼져나가 미국에서는 민권운동, 아프리카에서는 넬슨 만델라에 의한 다인종 민주주의, 라틴아메리카와 아시아에서는 독재의 몰락과 시민민주주의가 정착했다고 강조했다. 또  " (유럽)지역국경을 다시 그리겠다는 푸틴의 결정이 '시험의 순간'을 초래"했다면서 "  불과 몇 주전만해도 21세기 유럽 국경을 힘으로 다시 그릴 수는 없다는 분명한 진실에 러시아 리더십이 도전하고 있다"고 비판했다.   

 
　오바마 대통령은 푸틴이 앞서 크렘닌궁 연설에서 크림 합병의 근거로 코소보 독립을 거론한 데 대해서도 반박했다. "나토는 코소보에서 수 년에 걸쳐 학살이 일어난 이후 개입했으며, 코소보의 독립은 국제법 밖이 아니라 유럽 협력 하에 주민투표를 통해 이뤄졌던 반해 크림에서는 이런 과정이 전혀 없었다"는 것이다. 푸틴이 이라크 전을 들어 미국의 위선을 비난한 데 대해서는 '논란'을 대범하게 인정하면서도, 미국과 러시아의 차이점을 강조했다.그는 "나도 상원의원이었을 때는 이라크 전에 반대했다"면서 "하지만 미국은 국제시스템을 추구했고 이라크 영토와 자원을 차지하지도 않았다"고 주장했다.  

 

 한편 오바마 대통령은 이날 연설에 앞서 헤르만 반롬푀이 유럽연합(EU) 정상회의 상임의장 및 조제 마누엘 바호주 EU 집행위원장과 회담하고 " 러시아가 현재의 위기 상황을 지속한다면 러시아의 고립은 더욱 심화될 것"이라며" 러시아의 에너지 부문에 대한 제재가 검토될 수 있을 것"이라고 말했다.  

 

<오바마 대통령의 브뤼셀 팔레데보자르 연설 전문>

Good evening! Goede avond. Bonsoir. Guten abend. Thank you, Laura, for your kind introduction and for your outstanding work—reminding us that our future will be defined by our young people.

Your Majesties, Mr. Prime Minister, and the people of Belgium—on behalf of the American people, we are grateful for your friendship, we stand together as inseparable allies, and I thank you for your wonderful hospitality. I have to admit, it’s easy to love a country famous for chocolate and beer.

Leaders and dignitaries of the European Union; representatives of our NATO Alliance; distinguished guests – we meet here at a moment of testing for Europe and the United States, and for the international order that we have worked for generations to build.

Throughout human history, societies have grappled with the question of how to organize themselves – the proper relationship between the individual and the state; and the best means to resolve inevitable conflicts between states. And it was here in Europe, through centuries of struggle—through war and Enlightenment, repression and revolution—that a particular set of ideals began to emerge. The belief that through conscience and free will, each of us has the right to live as we choose. The belief that power is derived from the consent of the governed, and that laws and institutions should be established to protect that understanding. Those ideas eventually inspired a band of colonists across an ocean, and they wrote them into the Founding documents that still guide America today, including the simple truth that all men—and women—are created equal.

But those ideals have also been tested – and threatened – by an older, more traditional view of power. This alternative vision argues that ordinary men and women are too small-minded to govern their own affairs, and that order and progress can only come when individuals surrender their rights to an all-powerful sovereign. Often, it roots itself in the notion that by virtue of race or faith or ethnicity, some are inherently superior to others, and that individual identity must be defined by “us” versus “them” or that national greatness must flow – not by what a people stand for, but by what they are against.

In many ways, the history of Europe in the 20th century represented the ongoing clash of these two sets of ideas, both within nations and among nations. The advance of industry and technology outpaced our ability to resolve our differences peacefully, and even the most seemingly civilized of societies descended into barbarism. This morning at Flanders Field, I was reminded how war between peoples sent a generation to their deaths in the trenches and gas of the First World War. Just two decades later, extreme nationalism plunged this continent into war once more—with populations enslaved, great cities reduced to rubble, and tens of millions slaughtered, including those lost in the Holocaust.

It is in response to this tragic history that, in the aftermath of World War II, America joined with Europe to reject the darker forces of the past, and build a new architecture of peace. Workers and engineers gave life to the Marshall Plan. Sentinels stood vigilant in a NATO Alliance that would become the strongest the world has ever known. And across the Atlantic, we embraced a shared vision of Europe; a vision based on representative democracy, individual rights, and a belief that nations can meet the interests of their citizens through trade and open markets; a social safety net and respect for those of different faiths and backgrounds.

For decades, this vision stood in sharp contrast to life on the other side of an Iron Curtain. For decades, a contest was waged, and ultimately that contest was won – not by tanks and missiles, but because our ideals stirred the hearts of Hungarians who sparked a revolution; Poles in their shipyards who stood in Solidarity; Czechs who waged a Velvet Revolution without firing a shot; and East Berliners who marched past the guards and finally tore down that wall.

Today, what would have seemed impossible in the trenches of Flanders, the rubble of Berlin, or a dissident’s prison cell is taken for granted. A Germany unified. The nations of Central and Eastern Europe, welcomed into the family of democracies. Here in this country, once the battleground of Europe, we meet in the hub of a Union that brings together age-old adversaries in peace and cooperation. The people of Europe—hundreds of millions of citizens, east and west, north and south—are more secure and more prosperous because we stood together for the ideals we share.

This story of human progress was by no means limited to Europe. Indeed, the ideals that came to define our alliance also inspired movements across the globe - among those very people who had too often been denied their full rights by Western powers. After the Second World War, people from Africa to India threw off the yoke of colonialism to secure their independence. In America, citizens took freedom rides and endured beatings to put an end to segregation, and to secure their civil rights. As the Iron Curtain fell here in Europe, the iron fist of Apartheid was unclenched, and Nelson Mandela emerged from prison to lead a multi-racial democracy. Latin American nations rejected dictatorship and built new democracies, and Asian nations showed that development and democracy could go hand in hand.

The young people in the audience today were born in a place and time where there is less conflict, more prosperity and more freedom than any time in human history. But that’s not because man’s darkest impulses have vanished. Even here, in Europe, we have seen ethnic cleansing in the Balkans that shocked our conscience. The difficulties of integration and globalization, recently amplified by the worst economic crisis of our lifetimes, strained the European project, and stirred the rise of a politics that targets immigrants or gays or those who seem somehow different. While technology has opened up vast opportunities for trade and innovation and cultural understanding, it has also allowed terrorists to kill on a horrifying scale. Around the world, sectarian warfare and ethnic conflicts continue to claim thousands of lives. And once again, we are confronted with the belief that bigger nations can bully smaller ones to get their way – that recycled maxim that might makes right.

So I come here today to insist that we must never take for granted the progress that has been won here in Europe, and advanced around the world. Because the contest of ideas continues for your generation. And that is what’s at stake in Ukraine today. Russia’s leadership is challenging truths that only a few weeks ago seemed self-evident: that in the 21st century, the borders of Europe cannot be redrawn with force; that international law matters; and that people and nations can make their own decisions about their future.

To be honest, if we defined our interests narrowly, with a cold-hearted calculus, we might decide to look the other way. Our economy is not deeply integrated with Ukraine’s. Our people and our homeland face no direct threat from the invasion of Crimea. Our own borders are not threatened by Russia’s annexation. But that kind of casual indifference would ignore the lessons that are written in the cemeteries of this continent. It would allow the old way of doing things to gain a foothold in this young century. And that message would be heard – not just in Europe –but in Asia and the Americas; in Africa and the Middle East.

Moreover, the consequences that would arise from complacency are not abstract; they impact the lives of real people – men and women just like us. Just look at the young people of Ukraine, who were determined to take back their future from a government rotted by corruption; the portraits of the fallen shot by snipers; the visitors who pay their respects at the Maidan. There was the university student, wrapped in the Ukrainian flag, expressing her hope that, “every country should live by the law.” A post graduate student, speaking of her fellow protestors, said, “I want these people who are here to have dignity.” Imagine, for a moment, that you are the young woman who said, “there are some things that fear, police sticks and tear gas can’t destroy.”

We have never met these people, but we know them. Their voices echo calls for human dignity that rang out in European streets and squares for generations. They echo those around the world who fight for their dignity still. These Ukrainians rejected a government that was stealing from the people instead of serving them, and are reaching for the same ideals that allow us to be here today.

None of us can know for certain what the coming days will bring in Ukraine, but I am confident that eventually, those voices for human dignity and opportunity, for individual rights and the rule of law, will triumph. I believe that over the long haul, as free nations and free people, the future is ours. I believe this not because of the strength of our arms or even the size of our economies, but rather because these ideals are true, and these ideals are universal.

Yes, we believe in democracy – with elections that are free and fair; independent judiciaries and opposition parties; civil society and uncensored information, so that individuals can make their own choices. We believe in open economies based on free markets and innovation; individual initiative and entrepreneurship; trade and investment that creates a broader prosperity. And we believe in human dignity – that every person is created equal, no matter who you are, or what you look like, or who you love, or where you come from. That’s what we believe. That’s what makes us strong.

Our enduring strength is also reflected in our respect for an international system that protects the rights of both nations and people – a United Nations and a Universal Declaration of Human Rights; international laws, and the means to enforce them. But we also know that these rules are not self-executing; they depend on people and nations of goodwill continually affirming them. That is why Russia’s violation of international law – its assault on Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity – must be met with condemnation. Not because we are trying to keep Russia down, but because the principles that have meant so much to Europe and the world must be lifted up.

Over the last several days, the United States, Europe, and our partners around the world have been united in defense of these ideals, and united in support of the Ukrainian people. Together, we have condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and rejected the legitimacy of the Crimean referendum. Together, we have isolated Russia politically, suspending it from the G-8 nations, and down-grading our bilateral ties. Together, we are imposing costs through sanctions that have left a mark on Russia and those accountable for its actions. And if the Russian leadership stays on its current course, this isolation will deepen. Sanctions will expand. The toll on Russia’s economy – and standing in the world – will only grow.

Meanwhile, the United States and our allies will continue to support the government of Ukraine as they chart a democratic course. Together, we are going to provide a significant package of assistance that can help stabilize the Ukrainian economy, and meet the basic needs of the people. Make no mistake: neither the United States, nor Europe, has any interest in controlling Ukraine. We have sent no troops there. What we want is for the Ukrainian people to make their own decisions, just like other free people around the world.

Understand, this is not another Cold War we are entering into. After all, unlike the Soviet Union, Russia leads no bloc of nations, no global ideology. Nor does the United States, or NATO, seek any conflict with Russia. Indeed, for more than 60 years, we have come together in NATO—not to claim other lands, but to keep nations free. What we will do – always – is uphold our solemn obligation, our Article 5 duty, to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our allies. And in that promise we will never waver; NATO nations never stand alone.

Today, NATO planes patrol the skies over the Baltics, and we have reinforced our presence in Poland. And we are prepared to do more. Going forward, every NATO member state must step up and carry its share of the burden – by showing the political will to invest in our collective defense, and by developing the capabilities to serve as a source of international peace and security.

Of course, Ukraine is not a member of NATO – in part, because of its close and complex history with Russia. Nor will Russia be dislodged from Crimea or deterred from further escalation by military force. But with time, so long as we remain united, the Russian people will recognize that they cannot achieve security, prosperity, and the status they seek through brute force. That’s why, throughout this crisis, we will combine our substantial pressure on Russia with an open door for diplomacy. I believe that for both Ukraine and Russia, a stable peace will come through de-escalation – direct dialogue between Russia, the government of Ukraine, and the international community; monitors who can ensure that the rights of all Ukrainians are protected; a process of Constitutional reform within Ukraine itself, and free and fair elections this spring.

So far, Russia has resisted diplomatic overtures, annexing Crimea and massing large forces along Ukraine’s borders. Russia has justified these actions as an effort to prevent problems on its borders, and to protect ethnic Russians inside Ukraine. Of course, there is no evidence, and never has been, of systemic violence against ethnic Russians there. Moreover, many countries around the world face similar questions about their borders and ethnic minorities abroad; about sovereignty and self-determination – tensions that have led to debate and democratic referendums; conflicts and uneasy co-existence. It is precisely because these questions are hard that they must be addressed through constitutional means and international laws – so that majorities cannot suppress minorities, and big countries can’t bully the small.

In defending its actions, Russian leaders have further claimed Kosovo as a precedent – an example of the West interfering in the affairs of a smaller nation, just as they are doing now. But NATO only intervened after the people of Kosovo were systematically brutalized and killed for years. And Kosovo only left Serbia after a referendum was organized – not outside the boundaries of international law – but in careful cooperation with the United Nations, and with Kosovo’s neighbors. None of that happened in Crimea.

More recently, Russia has pointed to America’s decision to go into Iraq as an example of Western hypocrisy. It is true that the Iraq War was a subject of vigorous debate – not just around the world, but in the United States as well. I happened to oppose our military intervention there. But even in Iraq, America sought to work within the international system. We did not claim or annex Iraq’s territory, nor did we grab its resources for our own gain. Instead, we ended our war and left Iraq to its people and a fully sovereign Iraqi state could make decisions about its own future.

Of course, neither the United States, nor Europe, are perfect in adherence to our ideals, nor do we claim to be the sole arbiter of what is right or wrong in the world. We are human, after all, and face difficult choices about how to exercise our power. But part of what makes us different is that we welcome criticism, just as we also welcome the responsibilities that come with our leadership. We look to the East and the South and see nations poised to play a growing role on the world stage – and that’s a good thing. It reflects the same diversity that makes us stronger as a nation, and the forces of integration and cooperation that Europe has advanced for decades. And in a world of challenges that are increasingly global, all of us have an interest in nations stepping forward to play their part; to bear their share of the burden; and to uphold international norms.

Indeed, our approach stands in stark contrast to the arguments coming out of Russia these days. It is absurd to suggest, as a steady drumbeat of Russian voices do, that America is conspiring with fascists inside Ukraine, or failing to respect the Russian people. My grandfather served in Patton’s Army, just as many of your fathers and grandfather’s fought against fascism. We Americans remember well the unimaginable sacrifices made by the Russian people in World War II, and have honored them. Since the end of the Cold War, we have worked with Russia under successive Administrations to build ties of culture, commerce and international community – not as a favor to Russia, but because it was in our national interest. And together, we’ve secured nuclear materials from terrorists. We welcomed Russia into the G-8 and the World Trade Organization. From the reduction of nuclear arms, to the elimination of Syria’s chemical weapons, the world has benefited when Russia chooses to cooperate on the basis of mutual interests and mutual respect.

So the world has an interest in a strong and responsible Russia, not a weak one. And we want the Russian people to live in security, prosperity, and dignity like everyone else – proud of their own history. But that does not mean that Russia can run roughshod over its neighbors. Just because Russia has a deep history with Ukraine does not mean it should be able to dictate Ukraine’s future. No amount of propaganda can make right something that the world knows is wrong.

In the end, every society must chart its own course. America’s path – or Europe’s path – is not the only ways to reach freedom and justice. But on the fundamental principle that is at stake here – the ability of nations and peoples to make their own choices – there can be no going back. It is not America that filled the Maidan with protesters – it was Ukrainians. No foreign forces compelled the citizens of Tunis and Tripoli to rise up – they did so on their own. From the Burmese parliamentarian pursuing reform, to the young leaders fighting corruption and intolerance in Africa – we see something irreducible that all of us share as human beings; a truth that will persevere in the face of violence and repression and, ultimately, overcome it.

For the young people here today, I know it may be easy to see these events as removed from our lives – remote from our daily routines, distant from concerns closer to home. I recognize that there is more than enough to worry about in the affairs of our own countries. There will always be voices who will say that what happens in the wider world is not our concern, nor our responsibility. But we must never forget that we are heirs to a struggle for freedom. Our democracy, our individual opportunity, only exists because those who came before us had the wisdom, and the courage, to recognize that our ideals will only endure if we see our self-interest in the success of other peoples and nations.

Now is not the time for bluster. The situation in Ukraine, like crises in many parts of the world, does not have easy answers, nor a military solution. But at this moment, we must meet the challenge to our ideals – to our very international order – with strength and conviction.

And it is you, the young people of Europe, who will help decide which way the currents of history will flow. Don’t think for a moment that your own freedom, your own prosperity, your own moral imagination is bound by the limits of your community or even your country. You can choose a better history. That’s what Europe tells us. That’s what the American experience is all about.

I say this as the President of a country that looked to Europe for the values that are written into our founding documents, and which spilled blood to ensure that those values could endure on these shores. I also say that as the son of a Kenyan whose grandfather was a cook for the British, and as a person who once lived in Indonesia as it emerged from colonialism. The ideals that unite us matter equally to the young people of Boston or Brussels, Jakarta or Nairobi, Krakow or Kyiv.

In the end, the success of our ideals comes down to us— including the example of our own lives; our own societies. We know that there will always be intolerance. But instead of fearing the immigrant, we can welcome him. We can insist on policies that benefit the many, not just the few; that an age of globalization and dizzying change opens doors of opportunity to the marginalized, and not just a privileged few. Instead of targeting our gay and lesbian brothers and sisters, we can use our laws to protect their rights. Instead of defining ourselves in opposition to others, we can affirm the aspirations we hold in common. That’s what makes us strong. That’s what makes us who we are.

And just as we meet our responsibilities as individuals, we must be prepared to meet them as nations. Because we live in a world in which our ideals are going to be challenged – again and again – by forces that would drag us back into conflict or corruption. We cannot count on others to rise to meet those tests. The policies of your government – the principles of your European Union – will make a difference in whether or not the international order that so many generations before you have strived for continues to move forward, or whether it retreats.

That’s the question we all must answer – what kind of Europe, what kind of world, we will leave behind. If we hold firm to our principles, and are willing to back our beliefs with courage and resolve, then I have no doubt that hope will overcome fear, and freedom will continue to triumph over tyranny – because that is what forever stirs the human heart.